Carbon and Its Compounds

Interactive Learning Module for Class 10 Chemistry

Overview & Explanations

Carbon & it's Compunds CBSE

Full Chapter - Animated

Functional Groups & Organic Nomenclature

Interactive Flashcards - Click to Flip!

Carbon's Versatile Nature

mindmap root)Carbon's Versatility( Tetravalency 4 valence electrons Forms 4 covalent bonds Catenation Self-linking ability Long chains possible Branched structures Small size Strong C-C bonds Stable compounds Bond types Single bonds Double bonds Triple bonds

Hydrocarbon Classification

flowchart TD A[Hydrocarbons] --> B[Saturated] A --> C[Unsaturated] B --> D[Alkanes
Single bonds only
CnH2n+2] C --> E[Alkenes
One double bond
CnH2n] C --> F[Alkynes
One triple bond
CnH2n-2] D --> G[Methane CH4] D --> H[Ethane C2H6] E --> I[Ethene C2H4] E --> J[Propene C3H6] F --> K[Ethyne C2H2] F --> L[Propyne C3H4]

Soap Cleansing Action

sequenceDiagram participant Oil as Oil/Grease participant Soap as Soap Molecule participant Water as Water Oil->>Soap: Hydrophobic tail attaches Soap->>Water: Hydrophilic head dissolves Note over Soap: Micelle formation Soap->>Water: Oil trapped in center Water->>Water: Micelles wash away Note over Water: Clean surface remains

Comparison Tables

Property Saturated Hydrocarbons Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Bond Type Single bonds only (C-C) Double or triple bonds (C=C, C≡C)
General Formula CnH2n+2 (alkanes) CnH2n (alkenes), CnH2n-2 (alkynes)
Reactivity Less reactive More reactive
Typical Reactions Substitution, Combustion Addition, Polymerization
Examples Methane, Ethane, Propane Ethene, Ethyne, Propene
Property Soaps Detergents
Source Natural fats and oils Synthetic (petroleum products)
Chemical Nature Sodium salts of fatty acids Sodium salts of sulphonic acids
Hard Water Forms scum, less effective Works well in hard water
Biodegradability Easily biodegradable Some are non-biodegradable
Cost Cheaper More expensive

Important Functional Groups

  • Alcohol (-OH): Hydroxyl group
  • Aldehyde (-CHO): Carbonyl at end
  • Ketone (C=O): Carbonyl in middle
  • Carboxylic acid (-COOH): Carboxyl group
  • Ester (-COO-): From acid + alcohol
  • Ether (-O-): Oxygen bridge

Types of Chemical Reactions

  • Combustion: Complete oxidation with O₂
  • Oxidation: Addition of oxygen
  • Addition: Adding across double bonds
  • Substitution: Replacing hydrogen atoms
  • Elimination: Removal of small molecules
  • Polymerization: Joining small molecules

Uses of Carbon Compounds

  • Ethanol: Fuel, solvent, antiseptic
  • Ethanoic Acid: Vinegar, food preservative
  • Methane: Natural gas, fuel
  • Soaps: Cleaning agents
  • Detergents: Industrial cleaning
  • Plastics: Polymers from alkenes