Strong acids like HCl have pH between 0-2. The lower the pH, the stronger the acid
Give an example of acid + base neutralization
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O Hydrochloric acid + Sodium hydroxide → Salt + Water
Why does lemon juice taste sour?
Lemon juice contains citric acid which releases H⁺ ions. These hydrogen ions give the characteristic sour taste
What is an alkali?
An alkali is a water-soluble base. Examples include NaOH, KOH, and Ca(OH)₂. All alkalis are bases but not all bases are alkalis
How do indicators work?
Indicators change color in acidic vs basic solutions. Blue litmus turns red in acids, red litmus turns blue in bases
What happens when CO₂ is passed through lime water?
Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ → CaCO₃ + H₂O Lime water turns milky due to formation of calcium carbonate precipitate
Why is baking soda used in fire extinguishers?
When heated, NaHCO₃ releases CO₂ gas which displaces oxygen and helps extinguish fires
📊 Concept Diagrams
pH Scale and Common Substances
flowchart LR
A[pH 0-1 Battery Acid Very Strong Acid] --> B[pH 2-3 Lemon Juice Vinegar Strong Acid]
B --> C[pH 4-5 Coffee Tomatoes Weak Acid]
C --> D[pH 6 Milk Urine Mild Acid]
D --> E[pH 7 Pure Water Blood Neutral]
E --> F[pH 8 Seawater Baking Soda Mild Base]
F --> G[pH 9-10 Soap Milk of Magnesia Base]
G --> H[pH 11-12 Household Ammonia Strong Base]
H --> I[pH 13-14 Drain Cleaner Very Strong Base]
style A fill:#ff0000,color:#fff
style B fill:#ff4444,color:#fff
style C fill:#ff8888,color:#fff
style D fill:#ffcccc,color:#000
style E fill:#88ff88,color:#000
style F fill:#ccffcc,color:#000
style G fill:#4488ff,color:#fff
style H fill:#0044ff,color:#fff
style I fill:#0000ff,color:#fff
graph LR
A[Acids, Bases & Salts in Daily Life] --> B[Food & Kitchen]
A --> C[Health & Medicine]
A --> D[Cleaning & Hygiene]
A --> E[Industry]
A --> F[Agriculture]
B --> B1[Vinegar - Acetic Acid]
B --> B2[Citrus Fruits - Citric Acid]
B --> B3[Baking Soda - Leavening]
B --> B4[Salt - Food Flavoring]
C --> C1[Antacids - Stomach Relief]
C --> C2[Vitamin C - Immune System]
C --> C3[Epsom Salt - Muscle Relief]
C --> C4[Fluoride - Dental Care]
D --> D1[Soap - NaOH Based]
D --> D2[Bleach - Disinfectant]
D --> D3[Ammonia - Glass Cleaner]
D --> D4[Lime - Whitewashing]
E --> E1[Batteries - H₂SO₄]
E --> E2[Metal Cleaning - HCl]
E --> E3[Paper Making - NaOH]
E --> E4[Fertilizers - Various Salts]
F --> F1[Soil pH - Lime Treatment]
F --> F2[Fertilizers - NPK Salts]
F --> F3[Pesticides - Various Compounds]
style A fill:#e1f5fe
style B fill:#fff3e0
style C fill:#f3e5f5
style D fill:#e8f5e8
style E fill:#fff8e1
style F fill:#fce4ec
🎮 pH Scale Interactive Game
Drag and drop substances to their correct position on the pH scale!
0-1 Very Acidic
2-3 Acidic
4-5 Weak Acid
6 Mild Acid
7 Neutral
8 Mild Base
9-10 Base
11-12 Strong Base
13-14 Very Strong
Drag these substances to their correct pH range:
Lemon Juice
Pure Water
Baking Soda
Battery Acid
Household Ammonia
Coffee
Seawater
Drain Cleaner
Vinegar
Milk of Magnesia
Score: 0/10
🧪 3D Static Molecular Models
Controls: Left Click + Drag to Rotate | Right Click + Drag to Pan | Mouse Wheel to Zoom
📝 Knowledge Assessment
1. What ion do acids release in aqueous solution?
A) OH⁻ ions
B) H⁺ ions
C) Na⁺ ions
D) Cl⁻ ions
2. What gas is produced when zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid?
A) Oxygen
B) Carbon dioxide
C) Hydrogen
D) Nitrogen
3. Which gas is released when acid reacts with metal carbonate?
A) Hydrogen
B) Carbon dioxide
C) Oxygen
D) Nitrogen
4. What happens when carbon dioxide is passed through lime water?
A) It turns milky
B) It turns blue
C) It turns red
D) No change occurs
5. Which of the following is NOT a physical property of bases?
A) Bitter taste
B) Slippery feel
C) Turn red litmus blue
D) React with metals to produce hydrogen
6. What is the chemical name of baking soda?
A) Sodium carbonate
B) Sodium chloride
C) Sodium hydrogen carbonate
D) Sodium hydroxide
7. Which acid is found in vinegar?
A) Citric acid
B) Acetic acid
C) Lactic acid
D) Hydrochloric acid
8. What type of reaction occurs when an acid neutralizes a base?
A) Neutralization reaction
B) Decomposition reaction
C) Synthesis reaction
D) Displacement reaction
9. Which substance is used to treat acidic soil?
A) Sulfuric acid
B) Hydrochloric acid
C) Calcium hydroxide (lime)
D) Sodium chloride
10. What is the pH range of strong acids?
A) 7-8
B) 0-2
C) 12-14
D) 6-7
Quiz Score: 0/10
⚗️ Important Compounds
Important Compounds and Their Uses
mindmap
root((Important Compounds))
Sodium Hydroxide
Soap Making
Paper Industry
Drain Cleaners
Metal Processing
Bleaching Powder
Water Disinfection
Textile Bleaching
Swimming Pools
Odor Removal
Baking Soda
Cooking & Baking
Antacid Medicine
Fire Extinguisher
Cleaning Agent
Washing Soda
Laundry Detergent
Water Softener
Glass Making
pH Buffer
Plaster of Paris
Medical Casts
Construction
Art & Sculpture
Dental Molds